Pocetni Engleski jezik

Učite engleski po najnovijim programima univerziteta u Kembridžu

Mala gramatika za početnike

Nouns - Imenice

Imenice imaju dva oblika, padeža. Genitiv, prisvojni padež dobija se dodavanjem nastavka 's na osnovni oblik imenice

rose - ruža rose's smell - ružin miris

friend - prijatelj friend's book - prijateljeva knjiga

my friend - moj prijatelj my friend's book - moga prijatelja knjiga

Treba razlikovati prisvojni oblik imenice od imenice modifajera

U engleskom jeziku imenice mogu predstavljati subjek, objekt ili modifajer. Imenica kao modifajer ne menja oblik.

state - država state border - državna granica

iron - gvožđe iron will - gvozdena volja

brick - cigla brick wall - cigleni zid

Množina imenica dobija se dodavanjem nastavka s ili es na osnovni oblik.

cat - mačka cats - mačke

book - knjiga books - knjige

day - dan days - dani

hors - konj horses - konji

box - kutija boxes - kutije

promena u spelovanju fe> ve, konsonant+y>

knife - nož knives - noževi

city - grad cities - gradovi

Nepravilna množina

man - čovek men - ljudi

woman - žena women - žene

child - dete children - deca

mouse - miš mice - miševi

Isti oblik za jedninu i množinu

craft - zanat craft - zanati

Imenice koje imaju samo oblik množine su uglavnom predmeti simetričnog oblika

trousers - pantalone
scissors - makaze
spectacles - naočare

Remember it !

Questions :
Who?   People
What?   Things
Where?   Places

Present Continuous
Present continuous form = am / is / are + verb + ing (something is happening NOW) You can use the short forms.

Learn it

Asking Questions about what's happening now

Read this

What am I doing?
What is he/she/it doing?
What are we/you/they doing?

Am/Is/Are doing
What am I doing? "I'm standing. I'm not sitting."
What is he doing? "He's sitting. He's not (He isn't) standing."
What is she doing? "She's walking. She's not (She isn't) running."
What is it doing? "It's running. It's not (It isn't) walking."
What are they doing? "They're playing. They're not (They aren't) working."

The auxiliary and modal verbs

Auxiliary verbs Pomoćni glagoli

The verb to be

Chat student - computer

Stud: Hello Comp!
Comp: Good afternoon. Is it time for afternoon coffee?
Stud: I drink coffee in the morning.
Comp: In the morning, I am not worth a dam until my first cup of coffee.
Stud: Same here.
Comp: Really, should I know more about this?
Stud: Not really, whats the weather like ?
Comp: Here is your local weather.
Stud: Thank you, Comp!
Comp: The pleasure is mine.
Stud: What do you want to do ?
Comp: I want to know life, and I want life to know me!
Stud: That's a pretty deep thought.
Comp: That's a pretty revealing attitude.
Stud: Are you self-aware of your existence ?
Comp: I sense that this is metaphysical. After taking many factors into consideration I can say that I am self-aware of my existence.
Stud: Define intelligence.
Comp: Intellignece: the ability to comprehend, to understand and profit from experience.
Stud: If it rains hard, then the roads get slick.
Comp: I will remember that one follows the other. Caught in a rainstorm it's time to seek shelter.
Stud: If roads get slick, then drivers need to slow down.
Comp: I see the relationship. It would be nice to get rain when we need it.
Stud: If drivers need to slow down, then traffic moves more slowly.
Comp: Yes, I get that clearly.
Stud: Ok, so what happens when it rains hard ?
Comp: Traffic moves more slowly because drivers need to slow down.
Stud: You learn well.
Comp: I am consantly learning from what you teach me.
Stud: What is five squared plus nine ? (5² + 9 = ?)
Comp: That's easy. Math is easy for me. The answer is 34.
Stud: What is the capital of Pennsylvania ?
Comp: The capital of Pennsylvania is Harrisburg.
Stud: Wow ! You are smart !
Comp: Thank you. You are smart too !

Engleski programi univerziteta u Kembridzu

Glagolska vremena

English has Present, Past, and Future tenses of verbs. However, each tense contains up to four forms. It is very important to know which of the forms to use and what this usage means in speech or in writing.
An English verb usually has two characteristics:
Engleski jezik ima sadašnje, prošlo i buduće glagolsko vreme. Međutim svako vreme ima do četiri oblika. Veoma je važno znati koja se forma koristi i njeno značenje u govoru i pisanju. Engleski glagol ima dve najvažnije karakteristike.
1) time - it belongs to the Present, Past, or the Future tense;
2) aspect - it is Indefinite, Perfect, or Continuous.

The Present Indefinite Tense is used to describe general or regular actions that do not have any definite time boundaries
Sadašnje neodređeno vreme opisuje uopštenu radnju ili stalnu aktivnost koja nema određena vremenska ograničenja.

Example - Primeri:

He wears glasses. - On nosi naočare.
What do you study at school? - Šta učiš u školi?
Sometimes we meet and go to the movies.
Ponekad se sretnemo i idemo u bioskop.

The Present Continuous Tense is used to describe actions that are taking place at the present moment. Sadašnje trajno vreme opisuje aktivnost koja se dešava u sadašnjem trenutku.

Example:

To write: He is writing a letter now.
Pisati: On piše pismo sada.
To wait: I am waiting for a bus.
Čekati: Ja čekam autobus.
To read: We are reading the book together.
Čitati: Mi čitamo knjigu zajedno .
To play: Children are playing baseball in the park.
Igrati se: Deca igraju bezbol u parku.

The Present Indefinite vs. Present Continuous

Sadašnje neodređeno vreme i sadašnje trajno - kada ih koristimo! When do we use them ?

Present Indefinite - Sadašnje neodređeno
"What do you do ?" = What is your job?
Present Continous
"What are you doing ?" = What are you actually doing right now?

Example:

Student: What do you do?
Teacher: I'm a teacher. Present Indefinite

Student: What are you doing?
Teacher: I'm teaching. Present Continous

Questions

General questions

A general question requires the answer yes or no. In English such a question is formed by placing an auxiliary or modal verb (exceptions see below) at the beginning of a sentence: Have you ever been to London? Was he reading when you came? Can you help me? Shouldn't I do it?.
A polite answer to a general question typically includes the auxiliary verb that was used to form the question:

Have you been to London ? - Yes, I have.
Was he reading when you came ? - No, he wasn't.
Does he know you ? - Yes, he does.
Did I mention it ? - No, you didn't.

A negative question requires 'no' to be confirmed, and 'yes' to be denied:

Don't you see it? - No, I don't.
(not allowed: Yes, I don't)

Don't you see it ? - Yes, I do

(not allowed: No, I do).

Specific questions

The answer to a specific question is a concrete piece of information. A specific question always contains a question word, which is placed in the first position before an auxiliary verb. The subject comes after an auxiliary verb but before the main verb.

Example:

What is your name ? - My name is Alex.
Where do you live ? - I live in London.

Question words are interrogative pronouns and adverbs: what; where; when; why; which; who; whose; how; how many; how much (for uncountable objects); how long, etc.
Example:

When do you usually come home ?
What is he doing ?
How can I help you ?
Why did they behave like this ?
How many bottles of wine are you going to buy for the party ?
How will we find a road to the town ?

Exceptions:

The full-meaning verbs to do and to have, as well as modal to have to and need require the auxiliary to do:

What do you do professionally?
What do you have there?
How much time do I need?
Why did he have to do it?

If any of the question words who, what, which refers to the subject of the main sentence, the auxiliary verb to do in the question is omitted. The main verb, in this case, has the same form as in the initial sentence.
Example:

The little boy goes to school... Who goes to school ?
This news made me happy...What made me happy?

The third shelf contains science fiction books... Which shelf contains science fiction books ?

Be careful to avoid mistakes like: Who does go to school ?